tenseAffirmative

tense              Affirmative/Negative/Question              Use              Signal Words

Simple Present

A: He speaks.

N: He does not speak.

Q: Does he speak?              

action in the present taking place once, never or several times

facts

actions taking place one after another

action set by a timetable or schedule             

always, every …, never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually

if sentences type I (If I talk, …)

 

Present Progressive              

A: He is speaking.

N: He is not speaking.

Q: Is he speaking?              

action taking place in the moment of speaking

action taking place only for a limited period of time

action arranged for the future             

at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now

 

Simple Past              

A: He spoke.

N: He did not speak.

Q: Did he speak?              

action in the past taking place once, never or several times

actions taking place one after another

action taking place in the middle of another action             

yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday

if sentence type II (If I talked, …)

 

 

 

 

Past Progressive              

A: He was speaking.

N: He was not speaking.

Q: Was he speaking?             

action going on at a certain time in the past

actions taking place at the same time

action in the past that is interrupted by another action             

when, while, as long as

 

Present Perfect Simple              

A: He has spoken.

N: He has not spoken.

Q: Has he spoken?              

putting emphasis on the result

action that is still going on

action that stopped recently

finished action that has an influence on the present

action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking             

already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now

 

Present Perfect Progressive              

A: He has been speaking.

N: He has not been speaking.

Q: Has he been speaking?              

putting emphasis on the course or duration (not the result)

action that recently stopped or is still going on

finished action that influenced the present             

all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week

 

 

 

 

 

 

Past Perfect Simple              

A: He had spoken.

N: He had not spoken.

Q: Had he spoken?               action taking place before a certain time in the past

sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive

putting emphasis only on the fact (not the duration)              already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day

if sentence type III (If I had talked, …)

 

Past Perfect Progressive              

A: He had been speaking.

N: He had not been speaking.

Q: Had he been speaking?              

action taking place before a certain time in the past

sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple

putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action              for, since, the whole day, all day

 

Future I Simple              

A: He will speak.

N: He will not speak.

Q: Will he speak?              

action in the future that cannot be influenced

spontaneous decision

assumption with regard to the future              in a year, next …, tomorrow

If-Satz Typ I (If you ask her, she will help you.)

assumption: I think, probably, we might …, perhaps

 

Future I Simple

(going to)             

A: He is going to speak.

N: He is not going to speak.

Q: Is he going to speak?              

decision made for the future

conclusion with regard to the future             

in one year, next week, tomorrow

Future I Progressive              

A: He will be speaking.

N: He will not be speaking.

Q: Will he be speaking?              

action that is going on at a certain time in the future

action that is sure to happen in the near future             

in one year, next week, tomorrow

 

Future II Simple              

A: He will have spoken.

N: He will not have spoken.

Q: Will he have spoken?              

action that will be finished at a certain time in the future             

by Monday, in a week

 

Future II Progressive              

A: He will have been speaking.

N: He will not have been speaking.

Q: Will he have been speaking?

action taking place before a certain time in the future

putting emphasis on the course of an action             

for …, the last couple of hours, all day long

 

Conditional I Simple              

A: He would speak.

N: He would not speak.

Q: Would he speak?              action that might take place              if sentences type II

(If I were you, I would go home.)

 

Conditional I Progressive              

A: He would be speaking.

N: He would not be speaking.

Q: Would he be speaking?              

action that might take place

putting emphasis on the course / duration of the action             

Conditional II Simple              

A: He would have spoken.

N: He would not have spoken.

Q: Would he have spoken?              action that might have taken place in the past              if sentences type III

(If I had seen that, I would have helped.)

 

Conditional II Progressive              

A: He would have been speaking.

N: He would not have been speaking.

Q: Would he have been speaking?               action that might have taken place in the past

puts emphasis on the course / duration of the action             

 

 

 

Changed: 29th Aug 2005 15:03